The Japanese Cult of Cuteness Turning from National into International

Japan has always been a bit mysterious country, with its unique traditions and customs that you will see nowhere else in the world. Samurai, kamikaze, geisha, hara-kiri – when one hears these words, what idea will come to one’s mind first?Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Japanese Cult of Cuteness: Turning from National into International specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The cult of cuteness is not that ancient phenomenon as samurai or kamikaze. Yet, since the 1980s and till the present days, it is directly associated with Japan and the Japanese culture. What is more, the cult of cuteness at some point stopped to be a typical Japanese phenomenon, crossed the borders of the country, and started its journey all over the world. How did the cult start, become so popular, and reach the United States? I will try to answer these questions in my essay. When and how did Kawaii style begin? Kawaii style or cute style emerged and became dominated in Japan in the 1980s. It can be characterized as childish, simple, innocent, weak social behavior and appearance (Kinsella 220). Manifestations of cute style could be seen not only in the way people dressed or what accessories they used. It became a kind of epidemic, which penetrated in almost all spheres of life. Cuteness â€Å"conquered† the Japanese handwriting style, cute goods, clothes, and even food became prevalent. Cute pop idols and singers like Matsuda Seiko meant the same as Sid Vicious to punks (Kinsella 235). Even such fields as advertising and marketing did not escape cute style. By the way, in the Japanese marketing cuteness is still used very successfully, and you can see numerous ads and commercials that sell goods and services in a â€Å"cute way† (Riessland 130). Why is cute style so popular? The secret of cute style popularity is rather easy to explain. One of the main reasons is its close relation to childh ood. In the interview, three high school Japanese girls were asked what they associate kawaii with. The answers were – sweetness, dependence, and gentleness (Allison 40). Indeed, is not it great to feel like a child a little all the time, feel this comfort, and warmth? If you think that only ladies might think this way, you are not right. Both males and females are obsessed with cute style.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, I should say that with time cuteness in Japan has undergone some changes. First, among people, attitudes to cute style changed. In the 1990s, there were anti-cute elements who either were intellectuals or simply considered cuties to be stupid and weak (Kinsella 246). How did cute style reach the United States? Everything started with Pokemon that once penetrated on the American market, was incredibly successful, and till the present days means more for so me American children than Mickey Mouse. It seems that kids are attracted to Pokemon and other Japanese toys not only because of their big eyes, small noses, bright colors, and small bodies. They have some special relations with these characters (Allison 43). Japanese cute toys have almost nothing to do with real life, unlike many American toys and fairy tale characters. What does it all mean for Japan? It is obvious that Japan benefits from kawaii style not only from the economic point of view selling its cute goods to the Unites States and many other countries around the world. What should be considered in the first place is Japanese culture, which is spread by means of kawaii. No matter what one may think about the Japanese cult of cuteness, it is one more proof of the Japanese uniqueness. Bibliography Allison, Anne. Pikachus Global Adventure. Ed. Joseph Tobin. Durham-London: Duke University Press, 2004. Kinsella, Sharon. Women, Media and Consumption in Japan. Ed. Lise Skov and Br ian Moeran, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1995. Riessland, Andreas. Japanstudien: Jahrbuch des Deutschen Instituts fur Japanstudien der Philipp Franz von Siebold Stiftung, 1997. This essay on The Japanese Cult of Cuteness: Turning from National into International was written and submitted by user Bryant T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Tips for Declaring Variables in Java

Tips for Declaring Variables in Java A variable is a container that holds values that are used in a Java program. To be able to use a variable it needs to be declared. Declaring variables is normally the first thing that happens in any program. How to Declare a Variable Java is a strongly typed programming language. This means that every variable must have a data type associated with it. For example, a variable could be declared to use one of the eight primitive data types: byte, short, int, long, float, double, char or boolean. A good analogy for a variable is to think of a bucket. We can fill it to a certain level, we can replace whats inside it, and sometimes we can add or take something away from it. When we declare a variable to use a data type its like putting a label on the bucket that says what it can be filled with. Lets say the label for the bucket is Sand. Once the label is attached, we can only ever add or remove sand from the bucket. Anytime we try and put anything else into it, we will get stopped by the bucket police. In Java, you can think of the compiler as the bucket police. It ensures that programmers declare and use variables properly. To declare a variable in Java, all that is needed is the data type followed by the variable name: int numberOfDays; In the above example, a variable called numberOfDays has been declared with a data type of int. Notice how the line ends with a semi-colon. The semi-colon tells the Java compiler that the declaration is complete. Now that it has been declared, numberOfDays can only ever hold values that match the definition of the data type (i.e., for an int data type the value can only be a whole number between -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647). Declaring variables for other data types is exactly the same: byte nextInStream; short hour; long totalNumberOfStars; float reactionTime; double itemPrice; Initializing Variables Before a variable can be used it must be given an initial value. This is called initializing the variable. If we try to use a variable without first giving it a value: int numberOfDays; //try and add 10 to the value of numberOfDays numberOfDays numberOfDays 10; the compiler will throw an error: variable numberOfDays might not have been initialized To initialize a variable we use an assignment statement. An assignment statement follows the same pattern as an equation in mathematics (e.g., 2 2 4). There is a left side of the equation, a right side and an equals sign (i.e., ) in the middle. To give a variable a value, the left side is the name of the variable and the right side is the value: int numberOfDays; numberOfDays 7; In the above example, numberOfDays has been declared with a data type of int and has been giving an initial value of 7. We can now add ten to the value of numberOfDays because it has been initialized: int numberOfDays; numberOfDays 7; numberOfDays numberOfDays 10; System.out.println(numberOfDays); Typically, the initializing of a variable is done at the same time as its declaration: //declare the variable and give it a value all in one statement int numberOfDays 7; Choosing Variable Names The name given to a variable is known as an identifier. As the term suggests, the way the compiler knows which variables its dealing with is through the variables name. There are certain rules for identifiers: reserved words cannot be used.they cannot start with a digit but digits can be used after the first character (e.g., name1, n2ame are valid).they can start with a letter, an underscore (i.e., _) or a dollar sign (i.e., $).you cannot use other symbols or spaces (e.g., %,^,,#). Always give your variables meaningful identifiers. If a variable holds the price of a book, then call it something like bookPrice. If each variable has a name that makes it clear what its being used for, it will make finding errors in your programs a lot easier. Finally, there are naming conventions in Java that we  would encourage you to use. You may have noticed that all the examples we  have given follow a certain pattern. When more than one word is used in combination in a variable name the words following the first one are given a capital letter (e.g., reactionTime, numberOfDays.) This is known as mixed case and is the preferred choice for variable identifiers.

Encourage your students to learn with Pokémon Go

Encourage your students to learn with Pokà ©mon Go Tricking students into studying with Pokà ©mon Go Have you ever wondered that there can be many teaching ideas around the popular game Pokà ©mon Go? It sounds really strange. But just understand how the game works and find out why it is so popular among the students. So, why not bring some new teaching ideas into your own class? You can easily teach children some important things using Pokà ©mon Go and make everything understandable in such way. There are many beneficial ways that it can be adapted for learning. Let`s find out which learning opportunities this game can generate for your classroom. Develop student`s mapping skills Pokà ©mon Go app can help your students find out more about the area around their school and home. Just ask them to draw a detailed map with route and stops where they are going to collect virtual items. Study iconic spots in your state This game is a wonderful opportunity to learn about the geography of your state. Pokà ©mon goodies are usually placed at significant landmarks, so you can ask your students to find some interesting and relevant information about the history and culture of their chosen spots. Practice metric system Pokà ©mon Go measures distance in kilometers. Give your students a task to convert the hatching distances to miles. Discover the real-life animals As Pokà ©mon Go is played in the real world, it can help students find out more about the animal world in the area you live in. Ask your students to take photos of the real animals and then post them with the tag #PokeBlitz. You can also guide them to research endangered and common species. Let your student become a journalist You can easily cultivate the journalist`s curiosity of your students. Just visit some very popular places in your city in order to find other children who are fond of this game. Ask your pupils to interview other players about their interests and progress in Pokà ©mon Go.   Practice English Your students can enjoy playing Pokà ©mon Go and at the same time practice their English accomplishing various tasks. You can use the game introduction as the material for your reading class. You can ask your pupils to write a story about their experiences of playing. They should describe as many details as possible. Make mathematics interesting with Pokà ©mon Go Ask you students to estimate the amount of time they spent to catch a Pokà ©mon or calculate the probability of Pokà ©mon appearances. They can also calculate distances travelled and total for caught Pokà ©mon. This game is a great opportunity to practice data literacy skills. Use Pokà ©mon Go to explain theory Let your students predict their own evolutionary timeline for a Pokà ©mon. Explore the world around and explain the ecosystem in which Pokà ©mon live. Expand the technological knowledge of your students Explain your students how to stay safe while playing Pokà ©mon Go. Ask your pupils to develop their own soundtrack that could accompany the game using their favorite music program. They can also create an online database with all the important information on all Pokà ©mon characters. Use Pokà ©mon Go for creative writing classes Students can write a newspaper article about their adventures catching Pokà ©mon, a manual in which they can explain how to play, a diary to chronicle their experiences or create a comic strip about Pokà ©mon.

Humanism and Christian beliefs in the fifteenth century Essay

Humanism and Christian beliefs in the fifteenth century - Essay Example While Christianitys interaction with Humanism seems to have started as early as 2nd century A.D, it wasnt until the beginning of Renaissance that the two ideologies fused substantially. The Renaissance was a period when Europe woke up to the possibilities of human achievement. During this period, the notion of separation of State and Church is yet unrealized, and hence Christian doctrine and dogma infiltrated into political and social affairs. During the fifteenth century, however, luminaries such as Giovanni Pico della Mirandola helped bring humanistic ideas into Christianity. For example, his book Oration on the Dignitiy of Man states that transcendence into the divine is the highest form of the humanist experience. That is, by following all the tenets laid down by Humanist philosophy, human beings can move closer to God. The Church has always been selectively accommodative of scientific discoveries that are contrary to what is revealed in the Holy books. In the classic case of Galileo Galileis discovery that the earth is not the center of the universe, the Church authorities eventually conceded this fact and modified the scriptures to reflect this (although they initially opposed and condemned both the scientist and his work). In the same vein, since Humanism values scientific knowledge, especially about human evolution, and attempts to understand human nature through empirical and historical analysis, the principles of human conduct that it espouses tend to be more in tune with times. That is, the flexibility and openness afforded by Humanism, makes it a valuable ally in ascertaining moral values. Hence, although the Papacy and other Christian authorities had often been hostile to some of the views and guiding principles offered by Humanism, the former had eventually and gradually come round to accept

Increasing Speaker Effectiveness During a Presentation Essay

Increasing Speaker Effectiveness During a Presentation - Essay Example The speaker is supposed to be in a straight position with the feet being slightly apart. The approach enables the audience as well as the speaker to appear believable and confident. The crossing of legs and arms behind the speaker’s back only serves to develop a mental barrier between the audience and the speaker (Zelko, 2010).  His assertion that the posture of the presenter is vital during the presentation is indeed true.  I, however, partially disagree with him on his assertion that the tone of the presentation is an essential factor during speech presentation. The tone of the speaker usually should be constant as he has explained. I believe that the speakers can vary their tones when delivering their speech as a way of attracting the attention of the audience. Dewayne French argues that the speaker should not loud or of low tone. I disagree with him basing on the fact that the speaker can raise his tone in order to stress a statement as well as lower it to attract the attention of the audience. Moreover, DEWAYNE FRENCH’s assertion that pronunciation is vital to each presentation is not a definite point. Speakers may be from different backgrounds. In addition, I believe that the speaker should be able to communicate in the language that can be understood by the audience and not necessarily a particular language (Zelko, 2010).   

Underage Drinking Essay Example for Free

Underage Drinking Essay There are several problems caused by underage drinking; furthermore, this is a serious disease. Most teenagers have a greater record of underage drinking compared to young people 20 years ago. There are more accidents and deaths now as a result of underage alcohol consumption. Subsequently, we are for the banning of underage drinking. First of all, alcohol causes many problems for society nowadays. Alcohol has been used throughout history for various reasons. According to the medical Encyclopedia, alcoholism is an illness marked by drinking alcoholic beverages to excess. As long as alcohol consumption is not at a level that interferes with physical health, it is not a problem. There are two types of alcoholism: dependence and abuse; however, both of them could cause many problems in society. Alcoholism has a large effect in youth; there are more than 10. 4 million young people between ages 12 and 20 who suffer from it. Second, the difference between social drinking and alcohol has changed a lot over time. Now alcohol abuse has become teenagers’ focus. In addition, they don’t have control over how much they drink. They might want to attend social events that only involve alcohol, or they can’t enjoy themselves. Going to a bar or making a drink after coming home from work becomes more important than connecting with friends or family. These days, alcohol might be the way to avoid painful feelings or troubled relationships. As a result, teenagers might resort to dangerous behavior, like driving while drunk, or they may even exhibit violent behavior. Third, there are more accidents and deaths as a result of underage alcohol consumption. When people ask teenagers how easy it is to get alcohol, they mostly say it is very easy. As alcohol is easier to obtain, it produces more problems. Around 4,300 deaths are caused by teenagers who drink alcohol because they are more likely to have car accidents or fights. For example, according to the daily mail online, †Joseph Salah, 19, lost control of his car while he was driving drunk, crashing and killing David Powel, 20 years old, instantly and injuring two other passengers. Imagine a teen driving drunk without thinking about consequences, or messing around with someone who cannot control his or her behavior; it often results in a catastrophe. Finally, we disagree with underage alcohol consumption. Nevertheless, this issue causes a lot of arguments around the world. Society is affected by alcohol, but governments still allow it to be sold while banning other drugs. Alcohol companies produce millions of dollars annually in revenues and taxes; that’s why governments won’t do more to prevent underage alcohol consumption.

L’Oreal Case Study Essay -- Business Marketing

L’Oreal Introduction     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   L’Oreal is the largest cosmetics company in the world. It shouldn’t be a surprise that L’Oreal doesn’t sell all of its product lines in every market in which it sells, and the market in the Netherlands is no exception. Upper management of the Netherlands’ L’Oreal subsidiary have to make decisions on which product lines will succeed in their respective market and which ones will falter. In this particular case, L’Oreal needs to decide if it would like to introduce Garneir product lines such as the Synergie skin care line and the Belle Couleur permanent hair colorants line into the Netherlands market. The basic problem is whether or not to introduce these lines into the Dutch market. Situation Audit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Netherlands, unlike in France, L’Oreal and Garneir are both sold under the same sales force. This must be taken into consideration considering that L’Oreal has products in both hair colorants (Recital) and in skin care (Plenitude). Fortunately, the Dutch market maybe able to handle both of these product lines from L’Oreal and Garneir if it is felt that they could both be profitable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When looking at the Dutch market, the most surprising thing is the youth of population. 40% of the population is under the age of 25. This is an important demographic stat because a lot of younger women are the ones who use cosmetics, but it is important to note that the fastest growing populations are those of age 25 and older which might be important to the market of hair colorants. Another interesting trend is the number of Dutch women who work outside the home with a labor force rate of 29% and it is increasing more rapidly than those of other countries like the United States and the United Kingdom. This is very interesting because these women will have more money, independence, and self-confidence. In these terms, these women will more than likely use more cosmetics because of the increase in time that they spend outside of the home. A final insight into the Dutch market shows that Dutch women tend to shop for value, especially in cosmetics, which needs to be taken into account. The overall Dutch market looks somewhat promising to the introduction of Synergie and Belle Couleur lines, but other factors must also be looked at.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While the overall Dutch market is important in the analysis, the product markets might give a be... ...o use our product because they are out in public and they also have more money to spend on things such as cosmetics. The Dutch women in this market need the Synergie line to give off the idea of a self-concept that can relate our brand image to their needs as a workingwoman. An idea for the advertising campaign could be â€Å"You’re working the hardest, shouldn’t you look the best too!† While this product line is marketed towards the workingwoman, the L’Oreal product Plenitude could be marketed towards keeping a youthful look with its ability to delay the signs of aging. The best bet for the profitability of both products is to effectively find a certain image that each consumer can identify herself with. With this, I believe that both products can succeed in the same market and both can have the potential to have large market shares. Bibliography Datamonitor, Feb. 2004. Haircare In The Netherlands. Retrieved on April 23, 2005. http://dbic.datamonitor.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/industries/industry/?iid=Haircare Datamonitor, Feb. 2004. Makeup In The Netherlands. Retrieved on April 23, 2005. http://dbic.datamonitor.com.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/industries/industry/?iid=Skincare

Hcl Project Report Essay

Before I begin my documentation I must thank all the people behind the successful completion of my project. I am especially thankful to my industry guide Mr. Vinod Rai for his valuable and enlightened guidance. I am highly grateful to him for providing me an opportunity to undergo the project in his presence. Despite his hectic schedule he showed a keen interest in my research and helped a lot in broadening my vision for the topic. My thanks again go to him for providing me all the required help to compile the data and other information to materialize the study. I am also grateful to my faculty mentor Mr. Tarun Kumar Vashisth for his guidance and kind support throughout the project. I must also not forget to mention the names of people in the organization who pumped me with immense confidence and support without which it would have been impossible to complete the project, hence with warm regards I would like to thank Mr. Sunil Bhatt Mr. Shammi S. Bhatia Ms. Priyanka Ms. Parbhaker PREFACE This project is based on the study of working capital management in HCL Infosystems. An insight view of the project will encompass – what it is all about, what it aims to achieve, what is its purpose and scope, the various methods used for collecting data and their sources, including literature survey done, further specifying the limitations of our study and in the last, drawing inferences from the learning so far. HCL Infosystems Limited (HCL) is a leading domestic computer hardware services company. HCL is engaged in selling manufactured (like PCs, servers, monitors and peripherals) and traded hardware (like notebooks, peripherals) to institutional clients as well as in retail segment. It also offers hardware support services to existing clients through annual maintenance contracts, network consulting and facilities management. The working capital management refers to the management of working capital, or precisely to the management of current assets. A firm’s working capital consists of its investments in current assets, which includes short-term assets— cash and bank balance, inventories, receivable and marketable securities. This project tries to evaluate how the management of working capital is done in HCL Infosystems through inventory ratios, working capital ratios, trends, computation of cash, Inventory and working capital, and short term financing. DECLARATION I Ajay hereby declare that research project submitted to punjabi university, patiala in partial fulfillment of the degree of BBA on Working Capital is the result of my own hard work under continues guidance of Mr. Vinod Rai , HCL CDC Chandigarh.

Marriage Is Private Affair

Marriage is private affair 1. Nnaemeka sees the marriage as an affair as her wife does not belong to his husband’s race and some of her actions contradicts with their race religion and his father will surely disapprove the marriage. Nene believed the marriage was not an affair as she believe marriage is a happy thing and parents will be happy about their child’s marriage. 2. Religion is everything during the time the story happens. It’s not only a belief, it represents good and evil of a person’s character : if a person follow the religion, he’s a good man.People become superstitious in religion and their free wills were robbed from them. 3. The tribesmen allowed only marriage within their tribesmen because they thought their tribes were strong and allowing other tribes to marry their tribesmen will make their bloodline impure and thus imperfect. One trumps the other means believing one better than all the others. In here, the tribes believed their bloodline was the strongest and therefore forbid other tribes to mix into their bloodline. Marriage is private affair 1.Nnaemeka sees the marriage as an affair as her wife does not belong to his husband’s race and some of her actions contradicts with their race religion and his father will surely disapprove the marriage. Nene believed the marriage was not an affair as she believe marriage is a happy thing and parents will be happy about their child’s marriage. 2. Religion is everything during the time the story happens. It’s not only a belief, it represents good and evil of a person’s character : if a person follow the religion, he’s a good man.People become superstitious in religion and their free wills were robbed from them. 3. The tribesmen allowed only marriage within their tribesmen because they thought their tribes were strong and allowing other tribes to marry their tribesmen will make their bloodline impure and thus imperfect. One trumps th e other means believing one better than all the others. In here, the tribes believed their bloodline was the strongest and therefore forbid other tribes to mix into their bloodline.

The History of Candy Canes

The History of Candy Canes Almost everyone alive grew up familiar with the hard red-and-white candy with the curved end known as a candy cane, but few people realize just how long this popular treat has been in existence. Believe it or not, the origin of the candy cane actually goes back hundreds of years to a time when candy-makers, both professional and amateur, were making hard sugar sticks as a favorite confection. It was around the beginning of the 17th century that Christians in Europe began to adopt the use of Christmas trees as part of their Christmas celebrations. The  trees were often decorated using foods such as cookies and sometimes sugar-stick candies. The original Christmas tree candy was a straight stick and completely white in color. Cane Shape The first historical reference to the familiar cane shape though goes back to 1670. The choirmaster at the Cologne Cathedral in Germany first bent the sugar-sticks into the shape of canes to represent a shepherds staff. The all-white candy canes were then given out to children during the long-winded nativity services. The clergymens custom of handing out candy canes during Christmas services would eventually spread throughout Europe and later to America. At the time, the canes were still white, but sometimes the candy-makers would add sugar-roses to further decorate the canes. In, 1847, the first historical reference to the candy cane in America appeared when a German immigrant named August Imgard decorated the Christmas tree in his Wooster, Ohio home with candy canes. Stripes About 50 years later, the first red-and-white-striped candy canes appeared. No one knows who exactly invented the stripes, but  based on historical Christmas cards, we know that no striped candy canes appeared prior to the year 1900. Illustrations of striped candy canes didnt even show up until the beginning of the 20th century. Around that time, candy-makers began adding peppermint and wintergreen flavors to their candy canes and those flavors would soon become accepted as the traditional favorites. In 1919, a candymaker named Bob McCormack began making candy canes.  And by the middle of the century, his company, Bobs Candies, became widely famous for their candy canes. Initially, the  canes  had to bent by hand to make the J shape. That changed with the help of his brother-in-law, Gregory Keller, who invented  a machine  to automate candy cane production. Legends and Myths There are many  other legends and religious beliefs surrounding the humble candy cane. Many of them depict the candy cane as a secret symbol for Christianity during a time when Christians were living under more oppressive circumstances. It has been claimed that the cane was shaped like a J for Jesus and that the red-and-white stripes represented Christs blood and purity. The three red stripes were also said to symbolize the Holy Trinity and the hardness of the candy represented the Churchs foundation on solid rock. As for the candy canes peppermint flavor, it represented the use of hyssop, an herb referred to in the Old Testament. However, no historical evidence exists to support these claims, although some will find them pleasant to contemplate. As noted earlier, candy canes werent even around until the 17th century, which makes some of these claims improbable.

Animal Rights and the Ethics of Testing

Animal Rights and the Ethics of Testing Animals have been used as test subjects for medical experiments and other scientific investigations for hundreds of years. With the rise of the modern animal rights movement in the 1970s and 80s, however, many people began to question the ethics of using living creatures for such tests. Although animal testing remains commonplace today, public support for such practices has declined in recent years. Testing Regulations In the  United States, the  Animal Welfare Act  sets certain minimum requirements for the humane treatment of non-human animals in laboratories and other settings. It was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson in 1966. The law, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, sets minimum standards of care and treatment be provided for certain animals bred for commercial sale, used in research, transported commercially, or exhibited to the public. However, anti-testing advocates rightfully claim that this law has limited enforcement power. For example, the AWA explicitly excludes from protection all rats and mice, which make up approximately 95 percent of the animals used in laboratories. To address this, a number of amendments have been passed in subsequent years. In 2016, for example, the Toxic Substances Control Act included language that encouraged the use of non-animal alternative testing methodologies. The AWA also requires institutions that perform vivisection to establish committees that are supposed to oversee and approve the use of animals, making sure that non-animal alternatives are considered. Activists counter that many of these oversight panels are ineffective or biased in favor of animal experiments. Furthermore, the AWA does not prohibit invasive procedures or the killing of the animals when the experiments are over. Estimates vary from 10 million to 100 million animals used for testing worldwide on an annual basis, but there are few sources of reliable data available. According to The Baltimore Sun, every drug test requires at least 800 animal test subjects.   The Animal Rights Movement The first law in the U.S. prohibiting the abuse of animals was enacted in 1641 in the colony of Massachusetts. It banned mistreatment of animals kept for mans use. But it wasnt until the early 1800s that people began advocating for animal rights in both the U.S. and the U.K. The first major animal welfare state-sponsored legislation in the U.S. established the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in New York in 1866. Most scholars say the modern animal rights movement began in 1975 with the publication of Animal Rights by Peter Singer, an Australian philosopher. Singer argued that animals could suffer just as humans do and therefore deserved to be treated with similar care, minimizing pain whenever possible. To treat them differently and say that experimentation on non-human animals is justified but experimentation on humans is not would be  speciesist. U.S. philosopher Tom Regan went even farther in his 1983 text The Case for Animal Rights. In it, he argued that animals were individual beings just as humans are, with emotions and intellect. In the following decades, organizations such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and retailers such as The Body Shop have become strong anti-testing advocates. In 2013, the Nonhuman Rights Project, an animal rights legal organization, petitioned New York courts on behalf of four chimpanzees. The filings argued that the chimps had a legal right to personhood, and therefore deserved to be freed. The three cases were repeatedly rejected or thrown out in lower courts. In 2017, the NRO announced it would appeal to the New York State Court of Appeals. The Future of Animal Testing Animal rights activists frequently argue that ending vivisection would not end medical progress because non-animal research would continue. They point to recent developments in stem-cell technology, which some researchers say could one day replace animal tests. Other advocates also say  tissue cultures, epidemiological studies, and ethical human experimentation with fully informed consent could also find a place in a new medical or commercial testing environment. Resources and Further Reading Davis, Janet M. The History of Animal Protection in the United States Organization of American Historians. Nov. 2015. Funk, Cary and Raine, Lee. Opinion About the Use of Animals in Testing.  Pew Research Center. 1 Jul. 2015. United States Department of Agriculture. Animal Welfare Act. USDA.org Should Animals Be Used for Scientific or Commercial Testing? ProCon.org. Updated 11 Oct. 2017.

Project2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project2 - Essay Example An FMCG company requires heavy capital investment because from product development to marketing and advertising, capital is necessary in every sector. Moreover, FMCG companies are no more limited to a particular geographic location; instead they are pursuing overseas ventures. Therefore, threat of new entrant at international market is relatively limited. P&G is one of the reputed FMCG companies and its brand, Head & Shoulders is well-recognized in the hair care industry. Consequently, it can be suggested that threat of new entrant is limited for the company and the product (Reuters, 2013). FMCG industry is one of those industries that are heavily vulnerable to substitution, as local as well as a number of international brands are taking entry in the industry on a regular basis. However, studies suggest that P&G is a global leader in the hair care segment and have more than 20 percent of market share thereof from Pantene and Head &Shoulders (Reuters, 2013). The company has invested significantly in marketing and brand building of Head & Shoulders. The outcome is that the brand image is spreading from that of a medicated shampoo to a mass consumer product. Head & Shoulders is often marketed using celebrity endorsement which has significant positive impact on consumer buying behavior. Therefore, it can be suggested that threat of substitute is relatively less for the product (Reuters, 2013). Purchasing behavior of consumers has significant impact on revenue of FMCG companies. However, consumer buying pattern is strongly influenced by number of competitors or substitute products and their prices within the industry. It was ascertained that consumers have relatively strong bargaining power as the choices in hair care products in large and are mostly from well-known brands such as Unilever, L’Oreal, Colgate-Palmolive and Johnson & Johnson. These companies are